General
National Id
France_08
Summary
More than half of the territory of the regional natural park of the Millevaches in Limousin (PNR) is covered with forest, some of which is the subject of intensive forestry exploitation. A peat bog restoration project in the headwater sector of the catchment area was initiated between the PNR (project manager) and the forestry cooperative Bourgogne Limousin (technical partner). The goal was to remove the softwood stand from the single-species plantation on the plot in order to restore the hydrological functioning of the peat bog. The work was carried out by aerial skidding using a cable mast. In addition to initiating collaboration between forestry and environmental management, the project has made it possible to restore the natural hydrological functioning of the bog and the associated specific habitats.
Reviewed by
Fribourg-blanc
The in-depth description of the case study
Location description
The Millevaches plateau is a medium altitude area located in the center of France. At the beginning of the last century, this territory consisted of large areas of moors and peat bogs on which extensive grazing was practiced. The Millevaches plateau is home to the headwaters of the catchment areas of many tributaries of the Vienne and Dordogne rivers. The project is located near Gentioux vilage and consists of a topographic peat bog crossed by two small rivers. In the 60s it has been recalibrated and drained and embankments created by the drainage action have been planted with softwood species. It is located in a Special Protection Area for birds. The recalibration of the river has created a deepening of the water tablme and incision of the embankment leading to drying of the peat bog further enhanced by softwood water consumption.
NUTS Code
Limousin
RBD code
FRG-La Loire, les cours d'eau côtiers vendéens et bretons
Transboundary
0
NWRM(s) implemented in the case study
Longitude
1.999168
Latitude
45.783575
Site information
Light or indepth?
In-depth
Positive influence effectiveness
The low quality of the wood (due to the hydromorphic nature of the soil) made it easier to obtain the derogation from the simple forest management plan.
Monitoring maintenance
Monitoring requirements
Ecological monitoring and Monitoring of hydromorphology
Monitoring parameters
Ecological monitoring consisting of vegetation surveys and faunistic observations was carried out by the Conservatory of natural spaces of Limousin in 2015, 2016 and 2017 at 12 stations. This monitoring was financed by the "Sources en Action" (Sources in Action) programme, within the framework of an agreement with the PNR.
Monitoring of hydromorphology (IAM protocol: morphodynamic attractiveness index) was carried out by the PNR in 2016 and 2019 immediately downstream of the bog, in order to monitor the evolution of the substrates of the river Vergne and to evaluate the effect of the restoration of the bog on fine sediments.
Monitoring of hydromorphology (IAM protocol: morphodynamic attractiveness index) was carried out by the PNR in 2016 and 2019 immediately downstream of the bog, in order to monitor the evolution of the substrates of the river Vergne and to evaluate the effect of the restoration of the bog on fine sediments.
Performance
Biophysical impact assessement method
• Ecological monitoring
• Monitoring of hydromorphology (IAM protocol: morphodynamic attractiveness index)
• Visual observations of the zone after the work
• Monitoring of hydromorphology (IAM protocol: morphodynamic attractiveness index)
• Visual observations of the zone after the work
Design & implementations
Project scale
Small
Installation date
02.2015
Age
3
Area (ha)
18 ha
Favourable preconditions
This NWRM was not chosen and deployed with a strict objective of action on the water cycle. The hydrological effects were a co-benefit for the project manager. The primary motivation of this project was to initiate a dynamic of work in collaboration with the forestry world.
Design contractual arrangement
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Design consultation activity
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Design land use change
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Design authority
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Lessons, risks, implications...
Key lessons
The project was a success and allowed gathering forest managers and owners and the natural park. Despite the absence of piezometer to validate the water table rise, the fact the sphagnum recolonised the remaining drains, and a set of insects typical of wetlands have re appeared show the peat genesis restarted which is a positive conclusion. The low level of intervention on water flow and limitation of disturbance to the peat bog by using soft technique chosen by the natural park was validated by the success. The project allowed creating a specific programme on water and forests for the period 2017-2022
Financing difficulties
1
Financing difficulties information
As the land owner was not the PNR but a private owner, the financing of the tree cuts was a difficulty;
financing funding solutions
It was solved by the owner who gave the wood to the PNR which could sell it to finance the operation.
Success factor(s)
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Attitude of decision makers
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main factor
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Financing
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Driver
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Financing share
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Policy, general governance and design targets
Policy description
After the war, at the same time as an agricultural decline, the territory was subjected to extensive afforestation accompanied by the drainage of planted peat bogs and the recalibration of certain streams. A limnogenic peat bog is located directly next to the village of Gentioux. It has been the subject of silvicultural activities since the 1960s and 1970s, when the two rivers in the area (the Vergne, a tributary of the Maulde, and its sub-tributary) were recalibrated and the plot was drained. Coniferous trees (Sitka spruces and Scots pines) were planted on the slopes resulting from the excavation of the drains. On the project site, the Vergne has been recalibrated and has an incision in its alluvial floor. The digging of drains has resulted in a lowering of the water table and dewatering of the peat bog and associated environments. Mono-specific softwood cultivation accentuates the hydromorphological alterations of the stream: up to 1.30 metres of incision in places. The root system of conifers promotes scouring of the banks and aggravates the lowering of the water table. Woody plants reduce efficient rainfall by increasing water pumping (strong evapotranspiration, the project manager referring to 50 m3 of water consumed per m3 of wood produced).
Objectives of the NWRM:
• Increase water retention by the bog to improve low-flow support.
• Increase sediment retention by the bog to improve the hydromorphology of the watercourse (la Vergne).
Others objectives from the project manager:
• Work in collaboration with the silvicultural community.
• Restore the environmental functionalities of heritage wetland habitats.
• Promote the avifauna targeted by the Millevaches plateau Special Protection Zone (SPZ) (including Short toed Eagle).
• Improve the landscape in the municipality.
• Promote the exemplarity of the approach.
Objectives of the NWRM:
• Increase water retention by the bog to improve low-flow support.
• Increase sediment retention by the bog to improve the hydromorphology of the watercourse (la Vergne).
Others objectives from the project manager:
• Work in collaboration with the silvicultural community.
• Restore the environmental functionalities of heritage wetland habitats.
• Promote the avifauna targeted by the Millevaches plateau Special Protection Zone (SPZ) (including Short toed Eagle).
• Improve the landscape in the municipality.
• Promote the exemplarity of the approach.
Policy target
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Policy pressure
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Policy area
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Primary
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Environmental Policy
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Birds Directive
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the peat bog is part of a special conservation zone
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Policy impact
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Policy wider plan
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Policy requirement directive
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Socio-economic
Information on Ecosystem improved biodiversity
The annual monitoring of the 12 stations highlighted:
• A strong regeneration of peaty habitats, and an expansion of sphagnum development over a large part of the plot in 2017.
• The appearance of 4 species of odonata, 5 species of orthopterans and one species of lepidoptera specific to peatlands.
• On some parts of the plot, a dynamic of closure (implantation of birch trees and willows) and drying (appearance of molinia turds).
• Due to the incision of the bed of the Vergne, the lack of hydrological reconnection of the associated wetlands with the watercourse.
• A strong regeneration of peaty habitats, and an expansion of sphagnum development over a large part of the plot in 2017.
• The appearance of 4 species of odonata, 5 species of orthopterans and one species of lepidoptera specific to peatlands.
• On some parts of the plot, a dynamic of closure (implantation of birch trees and willows) and drying (appearance of molinia turds).
• Due to the incision of the bed of the Vergne, the lack of hydrological reconnection of the associated wetlands with the watercourse.
Biophysical impacts
Information on Increased groundwater level
A rise in the water table has been observed by the project manager immediately after the works, leading to its outcrop over the entire wetland. The lateral drains which were not blocked were all recolonized by sphagnum moss already in the first year (summer 2015), with the consequence of greatly slowing down the flows. The colonization of drains by sphagnum moss therefore contributed to raising the water level in the external fringes of the peat bog plot, which was former in the process of drying out.
Information on WFD ecological status obj quantity
Hydromorphologic monitoring shows a favorable evolution of granulometry: the initially silty-sandy substrate (2019) tends to be more heterogeneous and to evolve towards more gravel (trout spawning grounds).
Photo gallery
The low quality of the wood (due to the hydromorphic nature of the soil) and the environmental and regulatory constraints of the site made the forest manager consider the site of low interest both for timber harvesting and for planting new afforestation, and thus facilitated their involvement in the project. It also made it easier to obtain the derogation from the simple forest management plan. The financing of the work proved to be an obstacle, but the owner unblocked the situation by agreeing to transfer the wood to the PNR, which was able to generate revenue from the sale. In addition, the total cost of the project was relatively low, which helped convince the financial partners.