Planting and maintaining tree cover in near-stream areas can have multiple benefits including erosion and nutrient leaching control. They will also slow the stream velocity during high flow flood events and may have beneficial effects on stream temperature. Maintaining treed forest buffers during clearcutting can help minimizing the adverse effects of forestry on water quality and may have additional biodiversity benefits.
- Based on Stella definitions, adapted by NWRM project experts and validated by the European Commission

Restoration is a management action or set of actions with the aim of restoring natural hydrologic functioning ﾠin the landscape. Restoration of natural functioning can contribute to an environmental balance in water management.
NWRM implementation can either be an enhancement/improvement of the natural hydrologic functioning ﾠin the landscape or a restoration action.

Afforestation of reservoir catchments can have multiple benefits. It can reduce sediment inputs from the catchment, lengthening the life of the reservoir, and may also have beneficial effects on water quality in some cases when peatlands are afforested. Afforestation can reduce peak flows and help to maintain base flows. The benefits of afforestation must be balanced against the potential for increased evapotranspiration from a rapidly growing forest.
- Based on Stella definitions, adapted by NWRM project experts and validated by the European Commission